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Understanding Reasoning: Verbal Reasoning
The Understanding Reasoning series helps pupils to understand and answer correctly reasoning questions, as found in the 11+, 12+, 13+ and other school selection tests.The books provide concise explanations and examples of all the question types occurring in the 11+ together with practical workbook-style activities to consolidate learning.The step-by-step explanations are clear and include 'how to' instructions.Intensive practice enables pupils to gain confidence as they tackle each new question type.Correct answers are provided at the back of each book for quick and easy marking.Verbal reasoning activities use letters and words to explore pupils' understanding of language and meaning.Using methods that are quite distinct from traditional literacy activities, pupils' verbal skills are stretched to the full.Question types covered include the following: alphabet and word patterns, vocabulary, spelling, mathematical questions and problem solving.
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Understanding Reasoning: Non-verbal Reasoning
The Understanding Reasoning series helps pupils to understand and answer correctly reasoning questions, as found in the 11+, 12+, 13+ and other school selection tests.The books provide concise explanations and examples of all the question types occurring in the 11+ together with practical workbook-style activities to consolidate learning.The step-by-step explanations are clear and include 'how to' instructions.Intensive practice enables pupils to gain confidence as they tackle each new question type.Correct answers are provided at the back of each book for quick and easy marking.Non-verbal reasoning activities may be used with all pupils, including those whose literacy skills are poor and those for whom English is a second language.Question types covered include the following: identifying shapes and patterns, missing shapes and patterns, rotating shapes/patterns, codes, logic and combined shapes.
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Legal Reasoning
The common law, which is made by courts, consists of rules that govern relations between individuals, such as torts (the law of private wrongs) and contracts.Legal Reasoning explains and analyzes the modes of reasoning utilized by the courts in making and applying common law rules.These modes include reasoning from binding precedents (prior cases that are binding on the deciding court); reasoning from authoritative although not binding sources, such as leading treatises; reasoning from analogy; reasoning from propositions of morality, policy, and experience; making exceptions; drawing distinctions; and overruling.The book further examines and explains the roles of logic, deduction, and good judgment in legal reasoning.With accessible prose and full descriptions of illustrative cases, this book is a valuable resource for anyone who wishes to get a hands-on grasp of legal reasoning.
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Human Reasoning
This Element is on new developments in the psychology of reasoning that raise or address philosophical questions.In traditional studies in the psychology of reasoning, the focus was on inference from arbitrary assumptions and not at all from beliefs, and classical binary logic was presupposed as the only standard for human reasoning.But recently a new Bayesian paradigm has emerged in the discipline.This views ordinary human reasoning as mostly inferring probabilistic conclusions from degrees of beliefs, or from hypothetical premises relevant to a purpose at hand, and as often about revising or updating degrees of belief.This Element also covers new formulations of dual-process theories of the mind, stating that there are two types of mental processing, one rapid and intuitive and shared with other animals, and the other slow and reflective and more characteristic of human beings.The final topic covered is the new developments and rationality.
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CEM 11+ Non-Verbal Reasoning & Spatial Reasoning Practice Papers
These three practice exam papers test pupils ahead of the CEM 11+ Non-Verbal Reasoning test, including those taking bespoke tests created by CEM for individual schools.Three levelled papers test pupils' skills in non-verbal and spatial reasoning. The papers are designed to:- Develop and perfect exam technique for all CEM 11+ Non-Verbal Reasoning tests- Teach pupils to improve their response rates with timed papers- Identify weaker areas and improve results by studying the answers, which contain references to Galore Park's revision materials for guidance and useful tips- The resource also contains links to downloadable answer sheets so that the tests can be re-sat. These practice papers are part of Galore Park's 11+ revision series, which provides a three-step learning journey that teaches children the skills needed to pass rigorous school entrance exams.
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11+ Verbal Reasoning Progress Papers Book 2: KS2, Ages 9-12
Aimed at children aged 9 to 12 years, the Schofield & Sims Verbal Reasoning Progress Papers provide rigorous and flexible practice for the 11+ and other school selection tests.The papers cover more than 40 verbal reasoning question types that commonly feature in the 11+, developing children's logic, critical thinking, vocabulary, spelling and problem-solving skills.Children can either work through the papers systematically for all-round revision or focus on questions from several tests at once for targeted practice of specific topics.Each book contains six assessment papers, each with 100 questions.The papers are suitable for use at home, in school, or with a tutor, and may take between 45 and 75 minutes to complete.Questions increase in difficulty throughout the series, providing a clear measure of progress.Key features include a `Progress chart' for recording scores and tracking improvement, and a separate pull-out answer booklet with marking guidance for all tests.A selection of free downloads, including a `Topics chart' and a `Sample paper', is also available from the Schofield & Sims website.
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Reasoning about Uncertainty
Formal ways of representing uncertainty and various logics for reasoning about it; updated with new material on weighted probability measures, complexity-theoretic considerations, and other topics. In order to deal with uncertainty intelligently, we need to be able to represent it and reason about it.In this book, Joseph Halpern examines formal ways of representing uncertainty and considers various logics for reasoning about it.While the ideas presented are formalized in terms of definitions and theorems, the emphasis is on the philosophy of representing and reasoning about uncertainty.Halpern surveys possible formal systems for representing uncertainty, including probability measures, possibility measures, and plausibility measures; considers the updating of beliefs based on changing information and the relation to Bayes' theorem; and discusses qualitative, quantitative, and plausibilistic Bayesian networks. This second edition has been updated to reflect Halpern's recent research.New material includes a consideration of weighted probability measures and how they can be used in decision making; analyses of the Doomsday argument and the Sleeping Beauty problem; modeling games with imperfect recall using the runs-and-systems approach; a discussion of complexity-theoretic considerations; the application of first-order conditional logic to security.Reasoning about Uncertainty is accessible and relevant to researchers and students in many fields, including computer science, artificial intelligence, economics (particularly game theory), mathematics, philosophy, and statistics.
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Verbal Reasoning 2
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